Mba Second Semester Curriculum

MBA(EXEECUTIVE/RETAIL) II SEMESTER BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ASSIGNMENT-I 1 Discuss how does the environment acts as a stimulant to business. Analyse why business often does little for physical environment preservation despite the fact that it is significant for business activity. 2. Analyse the Monetary and Fiscal Policies practiced in India in recent years. How far shall they be effective in curtailing the recent spurt in inflation? 3. How far does Indian corporate discharge its social responsibilities?Illustrate your answer with suitable examples 4. Do you think that the present economic environment is favourable to business? Discuss and give your suggestions. Describe the various components of external environment that influence the business policy of an organization. 5. Explain the industrial policy of Indian government and changes that happened from 1980 till date. Why is year 1991 a watershed year in the economic history of india? ist and explain in detail what changes and reforms have taken place since 1991. ASSIGNMENT-II 6. The Chief Executive of Samsung Electronics recently told its employees that, â€Å"We must begin anew. Most of Samsung’s flagship businesses and products will become obsolete within ten years. † This corporate strategy of reinvention would inevitably involve significant change for employees. Do you think that technology transfer is likely to be the biggest problem for a business that wants to reinvent itself?Justify your answer with reference to Samsung Electronics and/or other organisations that you know. 7. Mr. Subhash, an NRI of your locality seeks advice to invest his money by starting an IT based industry. Give suggestions to him regarding the investment friendly climate in Madhya Pradesh, in the light of new industrial policy of the State Government. 8. How does the change in profile of customers affect your business environment? 9.Elucidate the external environment of business and its components in the context of a c ompany in the retail sector. List some elements of external environment you would want to scan to improve profits of a retailing business you may own in future? 10. How many dimensions of business environment are changing for the banking industry. What measure does the central bank take to control inflation? Explain the impact of this change on business environment. ************

Low-Cost School Programme

It is well known that juvenile delinquency has been shown to inequitable affect youths from various segments of the population based on their socioeconomic status. Brensilber, Bergin, Krasco and Phillips (2000) explain the correlation between low socioeconomic status and juvenile delinquency by pointing out that the communities from which these youths come are faced with severe economic and social difficulties which further put them at risk for other dangers. Similarly there also seem to be factors in the school and home that further increase the risks of delinquency among these students. Considering that juveniles in low-income areas have limited access to resources, a low-cost school program is an effective strategy to deal with juvenile delinquency. The purpose of such a program would be first and foremost to impact the youth’s educational environment in which they may spend a significant proportion of their time daily. Such programs would also have a greater reach in terms of numbers of youths that would be affected. Feature Article  Country School  Allen Curnow Such a program also aims to tackle early and persistent antisocial behavior (Forster & Rehner, 2003, p. 109) before they become too problematic to counter at the school level and before these youths end up at the wrong end of the juvenile justice system. Such a program would also seek to reduce the impact that youths with troubling behavior have in their community by empowering youths to make safe choices and instilling in them the moral austerity to follow good role modes. The program would also seek to promote social justice and equality within the community. This involves teaching youths about their social responsibility and the consequences of their behavior choices. It would also help them to aspire for upward mobility despite the prospects that their community environment would present. References Forster, M. & Rehner, T. (2003). Delinquency prevention as empowerment practice: A community-based social work approach. Race, Gender & Class, 10(2), 109-120. Brensilber, D., Bergin, P., Krasco, K., & Phillips, S. (2000, June). Title V Delinquency Prevention: Program Years 1997-1999. Massachussetts: Massachusetts Statistical Analysis Center.

The Impact of E-Commerce on International Business Essay

The Impact of E-Commerce on International Business - Essay Example And e-commerce often becomes handy in making products or services available to the consumer that may not be available in his country/area of residence. In simple words, e-commerce makes international markets easier, cheaper, and faster for the vendor as well as the consumer. But it must be admitted that e-commerce has its own disadvantages too, especially while coming to Internet security and delay in receiving the product ordered. The study on â€Å"Impact of E-Commerce on International Marketing† conducted by Payman, Rosamaria, Marco, Anand, Robert and Xiaowen in 2006 defines e-commerce as follows: â€Å"Electronic commerce primarily consists of the distributing, buying, selling, marketing and servicing of products or services over electronic communications systems such as the Internet and other computer networks like extranets, e-mail, e-books, databases and mobile phones† (Payman, Rosamaria, Macro, Anand, Robert, and Xiaowen). All kinds of commerce including B2B, B2 C and C2C activities are performed in a number of ways including electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, online marketing, etc. As per the above mentioned study (Payman et al.), a voluminous sale of $12.2 billion took place in 2003 via e-commerce. Today, the World Wide Web has emerged as the exclusive venue of e-commerce ventures as it is the most widespread communication network of the world. A number of e-commerce companies took their shape in 1990s, but the â€Å"dot.com† collapse of 2000 and 2001 was a major setback for them. It was at the beginning of the new millennium that e-commerce received the popular attention and acceptance which it boasts about today. The extent and expansion of e-commerce relies cliquishly on the expansion of technology. E-Commerce is widespread in almost all the developed countries but it is still in primary stages of growth in many industrialized countries and is apparently non-existent in a good proportion of the third world count ries. Electronic Commerce is, of course, a new methodology in global trade and commerce. A paper by Kuzic, Fisher and Scollar that studies the impact of e-commerce in Australia points out that e-commerce has its own tangible and intangible benefits. As Kuzic, Fisher and Scollary state, e-commerce is mainly â€Å"enhanced business efficiency, a boost in the automation of processes, transformation of traditional market chain, retained and expanded customer base, reduced operation costs and acquisition of a niche market† which are regarded as the tangible benefits; and, â€Å"enhancing education and well-being of consumers, consumer loyalty, competitive advantage and convenient shopping† are the intangible advantages. Many of these are clearly benefits that no other way of trading involves. E-Commerce is beneficial not only for the merchant but also for the consumer because it offers a wide range of products to choose the best from, and the remarkable speed of the process es cannot be found anywhere else. Compared to traditional markets, the transactions take place between the seller and buyer directly and no intermediates are present contrary to the traditional markets. When we think how the international market has been benefited out of e-commerce, a common opinion

The Impact of Imprecise Language as a Literary Device Essay

The Impact of Imprecise Language as a Literary Device - Essay Example This essay demonstrates that the author weaves this profile with the graphic description of her experience at the peep shoe, the stilted English offering the text as perhaps even more erotic than had it been described in more detail by a native speaker. Sending her from â€Å"home† as she lovingly sees it, as a comfortable place, may expand her view of her simplistic world as reflected in her simplistic language style but we contemplate now the intentions of her lover. Le Guin writes, â€Å"Later on, when her lover sends her across the Channel ‘to gain experience’, her ignorant indifference to local convention leads her into some very risky behaviour. She certainly gains experience, though what she learns from it is questionable† (17).  This essay demonstrates that the author weaves this profile with the graphic description of her experience at the peep shoe, the stilted English offering the text as perhaps even more erotic than had it been described in m ore detail by a native speaker. Sending her from â€Å"home† as she lovingly sees it, as a comfortable place, may expand her view of her simplistic world as reflected in her simplistic language style but we contemplate now the intentions of her lover. Le Guin writes, â€Å"Later on, when her lover sends her across the Channel ‘to gain experience’. In conclusion, Guo, in using â€Å"wrong English† throughout the novel is accomplishing the point she sets out: no matter how the language itself improves, acceptance as the individual speaking it has a much farther and more difficult way to go.

Weather & Climate data for Hawaii Research Paper

Weather & Climate data for Hawaii - Research Paper Example The State of Hawaii has a very intriguing climate and weather patterns that make it unique besides the negative effects that it encounters, especially occasional storm episodes.The storms normally hit the islands where they yield to immense life loss and property destruction. The state has two distinct seasons that characterize its weather pattern commonly known as Kau (summer) from May to October and Ho'oilo (winter) from November to April. Its location is at the south Tropic of Cancer, which implies that it experiences intense sun that result in sunburns. An exposure of 20 minutes is enough for serious sunburn that may be severe especially when it recurs. This is evident especially in the warmest month of August and September which temperatures may rise probably to 890F, for instance, in Honolulu. However, heat in this state ranges with altitude where heading towards the Mt. Waialeale, the effects are rarely experienced, which is similar to rainfall pattern. Besides having two dist inct weather seasons, Hawaii’s day climate trend is unpredictable, hence localized, where two regions can have diverse weather patterns at the same instant. Hawaii climate normally varies divergently across its islands. Therefore, they do experience varying solar radiations at assorted times throughout the year. All other aspects that comprise its climate pattern normally rely on solar radiation, especially the duration exposure. This, besides altering weather aspects like rainfall, may also have adverse impacts like sunburns that are evident mostly in the months of August and September (Villinger 86). Mainly, this is when temperatures are high, specifically at 890F. Hawaiian daily prediction states that it experiences high temperatures mainly in the afternoon characterized by low humidity. This is evident in Fig.1 where, according to the graph, high humidity is in the morning periods, but in the afternoon, it tends to reduce. So, solar radiation normally heats the earth†™s surface plus the air, making the air become dry, hence eliminating high quantity of humidity (Pao-Shin, Chen Ying, and Schroeder 4889). In addition, the ocean trade winds also contribute to increasing humidity of the Hawaiian climate. Alternatively, Hawaii, compared to other states, has high humidity, especially when it experiences intense trade winds. For instance, tourists or people from hotter states, when they alight at the airport, experience chilling on their skins,

Dispersed Team Dynamics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Dispersed Team Dynamics - Case Study Example Since advanced technology-driven interventions can have a significant positive effect on virtual project management and online education, it is essential for virtual team leaders to identify the role of interventions in improving technology choice in a virtual setting. In this article, the Mitchell argues that both proactive and reactive interventions can be used to manage virtual team challenges while considering the technology choice (p.433). In a virtual team environment, leaders are forced to use interventions in order to proactively and reactively address various workplace issues that may arise during the course of task performance (Mitchell, abstract). In addition, they are required to sense the need for technology change timely for executing the interventions effectively. The need for addressing the organizational change, technology change, and conflict management has been influencing leaders to use interventions in virtual groups (Mitchell p.432). Therefore, the use of interventions in a virtual group setting is of great strategic importance in the modern days. There are two types of interventions such as proactive and reactive interventions used to address a discrepant event. Proactive interventions are based on previous experiences and best practices that keep virtual team members informed of the strategies that could prevent certain challenges. In contrast, reactive interventions would address discrepant events that arise while team members work together to achieve their shared objectives. Although these interventions may foster learning in the virtual team setting, there are several factors such as cultural diversity, language barriers, and communication difficulties that can hinder the effectiveness of the interventions. Hence, team leaders have the additional responsibility to ensure that the interventions employed are capable of influencing the overall team behavior

Marine Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Marine Organisation - Essay Example Management has to deal with many matters keeping external environment in mind. Its main concern is Bulk Carrier design and safety and this means that the importance attached to the safety of the ships is the main theme of the organisation. It has a technical committee called CASTEC, which meets twice a year to discuss technical matters, and deal with other connected issues. Bulk carrier design and safety had been of paramount importance and in late 1980s after some of them were lost and immediate programme had to be adapted with changes in the SOLAS Regulations and IACS rules. The main difference came with the introduction of new hull that would avoid considerable amount of damage and survive maximum amount of impact. IMO initiated a number of safety assessment studies, and the findings also had a number of recommendations and potential rules by December 2002, the SOLAS amendments were accepted by IMO, including the introduction of Double Skin Bulk carriers. Intercargo always works with close contact with IACS and the target had been designing and executing useful, safe, efficient and environmentally friendly sleek streamlined bulk carriers. It continues to monitor, research and understand the reasons of carrier losses and had been collecting all the statistics from 1990, and reports in its Bulk Carrier Casualty Report with analysis and pertinent answers to many hitherto unanswered questions. Number of cargo carriers and the lives of people employed in them, and the cargo are comparatively safer now. They have to make amenable rules so that the Port State Control’s rules and regulations are not flouted, as they are governed by the international conventions like SOLAS, STCW AND MARPOL that form the set of rules for the security, safety of the cargo ships. Pollution control in the high seas has become a matter of absolute concern for the shipping industry. We see many

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example What remains after establishment of the firm is managing the enterprise into a successful firm. 2. Application of technology in modern businesses cannot be underestimated. Most business processes are heavily dependent on modern technology. For instance, computer technology has made it possible for entrepreneurs to analyse market conditions, formulate market models, and integrate the various business concepts into practice. Therefore, technology is an overwhelmingly important tool for creativity and innovativeness in that great ideas can be tried and put into practice using technology. It is also important to note that successful entrepreneurs are flexible to fiscal changes in the market. Business in the modern world has become increasingly competitive and dynamic thereby demanding high degree of business flexibility. Competition may change business conditions and fiscal policies as well and therefore, successful entrepreneurs need to be well equipped to anticipate and prepare for these changes. Otherwise, it would be difficult to maintain viable business enterprises without a clear understanding of prevailing and even future market

Andrew Marvells poem To His Coy Mistress Essay Example for Free

Andrew Marvells poem To His Coy Mistress Essay In this essay I will compare and contrast Andrew Marvells poem, To His Coy Mistress, with Elizabeth Barrett Brownings sonnet, How Do I Love Thee? Andrew Marvells poem is about an older man trying persuade a younger women to carpe diem (seize the day), in order to make love to her, by using compliments and flattery, Vaster than empires, and should go to praise.'(Stanza 1, line 12) Additionally, Elizabeth Barrett Brownings sonnet is about a female who is expressing her feelings towards a male. Judging by the poem, the woman is deeply in love with the man in a spiritual sense, I love thee to the depth and breadth and height, my soul can reach. (Line 2-3) To His Coy Mistress is a comparatively long poem of 46 lines, which is divided into three stanzas, representing different parts of the argument for which he is trying to persuade her to sleep with him. In the first stanza, the man flatters the women by using grandiose imagery and hyperbole. He says that her coyness would be of no consequence had we but world enough and time (Line 1) and then follows with more detail in the following stanzas. The older man also shows how interested he is by expressing the magnitude of his feelings, by explaining how he would, love you ten years before the flood (Line 8), even if his love were to remain unrequited, till the conversation of the Jews.'(Line 10) In addition he then describes how long he would be prepared to appreciate all of her physical attributes, two hundred to adore each breast, But thirty thousand to the rest.'(Line 15-16) On one hand, he is trying to prove to the young women how much he wants her; on the other hand she could perceive his words in the wrong way, maybe he just wants to sleep with her? You could argue that this is satirising the kings court, because even though he is flattering her, it is inappropriate to assume that he would be allowed to look at her for this long period of time. In the second stanza, he continues to us the grandiose imagery from the first stanza, but introduces a sense of urgency. When he says, but in the very first line, the audience realises that there is going to be a shift in focus. He now says that he hears times winged chariot hurrying near.'(Line 22) From this point, his imagery becomes increasingly desperate. He tries to shock the women into sleeping with him, by talking about her coyness, and if she perseveres in life that way, she runs the risk of only wormstrying that long preserved virginity.'(Line 27-28) He says that his attitude will turn to dust and into ashes all my lust.'(Line 30) This sentence makes the audience more aware of his actual intentions by saying the word lust rather than love, making us believe that he has betrayed his true motives, and slipped up in front of the woman, he is making out he loves. In the last stanza of To His Coy Mistress, it sees him almost demand that they make sport (love). The imagery on this stanza becomes more erotic, and may have more than one interpretation. Let us roll.up into one ball, and tear our pleasuresthrough the iron gates of life.'(Line 41 and 44) Rolling up into a ball could represent two people making love together or a cannon ball which will smash down, the iron gates of life. These gates could represent the womans chastity belt or societys conventions which would frown upon an extramarital affair. The last two lines are similarly ambiguous. They both tie in with lines from the second stanza. Thus, through we cannot make our sun, stand still, yet we will make him run (Line 45 46), suggests that they should make the most of their time they are spending together, and conceive a child (son). Elizabeth Barrett Brownings poem, How do I love thee presents quite a contrast to Andrew Marvells poem. Its imagery is humble, and very personal. It is an expression of deep love and devotion from one person to another. The purpose of the poem is to quantify the dimensions of her love and at the beginning of the poem, it is very clear to the audience that this woman is deeply in love with her partner By starting with the line, How do I love thee? Let me count the ways'(Line 1) she begins to compare her love to religion and emotions rather than physical attributes, I love thee freely, as men strive for right. (Line 7) The imagery she uses to supposedly quantify this love is suggestive of infinity, and a love which has no boundaries, even after the soul is free from the physical body, I shall but love thee after death. (Line 14) Constructive descriptions are always used in this poem, compared to Andrew Marvells, which also describes the negative issues. Besides Brownings poem having a very romantic meaning, you could question why the woman needs to prove her love for her partner, because she continually mentions and repeats, I love thee in most of her sentences. She could be indeed counting the ways she loves her partner, however maybe her partner needs reassuring of her love for him. One could argue that, Barrett Browning chose the sonnet form for this poem, for the purposes of contrast; to take something which is supposedly infinitive (her love) and place it in a finite and restricted form (sonnet). Alternatively, people could think different because there are such strict rules governing sonnet writing, (i.e. 10 syllables per line, 14 lines etc) and people might question why she chose such a rigid format, for something which she feels most strongly about. Overall, the two poems are opposites, but they are both concerned with the concept of time, human life and love. At the end of the poem, browning says, if god choose, I shall love thee better after death,'(Line 13-14) showing that even after she dies, her love for this man will continue to grow, loving him for eternity. To His Coy Mistress, and How Do I Love Thee have many correlations with each other. For example; Both poems are about love; but represent different kinds of love. Andrew Marvells poem is about lust and sexual gratification, while Elizabeth Barrett Brownings poem is about true love and loyalty. The sonnet is written from a womens point of view, where she expresses her true love for her husband. The other poem is written from a mature mans point of view, and represemts his lust for a younger women. This poem is an elaborate chat up line to present a logical argument in order to persuade her to make love to him. This can show how the significance of a poem can differ because of the century it has been written in. To his coy mistress, was written in the 1600s while How do I love thee was written in the 1800s. The cultural difference between these two periods, is the writing style, as in the 1600s people were interested in composing clever arguments, and were more interested in writing about sex, lust and passion. Whereas in the 1800s, the poems written had more true meaning, with a deeper, more romantic feeling. And into ashes all my lust, compared to, How do I love theeLet me count the ways. Many love poems are written in a very traditional format, with very strict rules. Elizabeth Barrett Browning took the challenge to write about something which is supposed to have no limits (love) into something which is restricted (sonnet). On the other hand Andrew Marvells poem is all based around carpe diem, in a non-traditional format, with no strict rules or guide-lines. This can affect the imagery used as one has no limitation to the amount of syllables, lines or stanzas, while the other has a restricted format leaving a certain amount of phrases which can be used. Clearly this means that there are different types of imagery used between the two poems since, How do I love thee uses abstract and emotional imagery, which tends to be highly personal and humble. In some cases you cannot quite put a finger on what she is describing. I love thee to the level of every day, most quite nearby sun and candlelight. (Line 5-6) To His Coy Mistress, tends to use ostentatious hyperbole and grandiose imagery. He uses big overdone, tacky images, by using phrases such as, times winged chariot, instant fires and iron gates of life. You can picture what the man is describing; but on the other hand, you can tell that he might be misleading the audience to make them believe that he is in love with this woman. Throughout the whole of my essay, I have come to the conclusion, that both poems have many comparisons, similarities and differences. They both describe a form of love between two people. In my opinion, the poem I prefer is, To his coy mistress, because it had more of an effect on me, because of the language used. The man comes across as very desperate, but on the other hand with very good charisma. The imagery used is effective, as I could relate and imagine what he is describing. As well as keeping the audience intrigued on what the women will do next, he leaves the ending on a cliff hanger, by not telling on the final decision the women makes! However, I do not dislike the poem, How do I love thee because it has appropriate language for the concept she is describing. I just think it is rather tedious describing only the optimistic qualities about a person, for the reason that everybody has faults and pessimistic attributes. Furthermore, I didnt find it unique or distinctive from other love poems, since the language and imagery was very similar.

Psychopathology Paper Essay Example for Free

Psychopathology Paper Essay Over the  years,  scientists and mental health professionals have made great strides in the treatment of psychological disorders. For example, advances in psychopharmacology have led to the development of drugs that relieve severe symptoms of mental illness. Clinical psychology  is dedicated to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illnesses and other emotional or behavioral disorders. More psychologists work in this field than in any other branch of psychology. In hospitals, community clinics, schools, and in private practice, they use interviews and tests to diagnose depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and other mental illnesses. People with these psychological disorders often suffer terribly. They experience disturbing symptoms that make it difficult for them to work, relate to others, and cope with the demands of everyday life.    Clinical psychologists usually cannot prescribe drugs, but they often work in collaboration with a patient’s physician. Drug treatment is often combined with psychotherapy, a form of intervention that relies primarily on verbal communication to treat emotional or behavioral problems. Over the years, psychologists have developed many different forms of psychotherapy. Some forms, such as psychoanalysis, focus on resolving internal, unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood and past experiences. Other forms, such as cognitive and behavioral therapies, focus more on the person’s current level of functioning and try to help the individual change distressing thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.    The field  of  counseling psychology is closely related to clinical psychology. Counseling psychologists may treat mental disorders, but they more commonly treat people with less-severe adjustment problems related to marriage, family, school, or career. Many other types of professionals care for and treat people with psychological disorders, including psychiatrists, psychiatric social workers, and psychiatric nurses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a psychiatric health nurse we works closely with other disciplines to arrive at the most appropriate plan of care for the client and the family. The physician’s responsibility is to make a medical diagnosis when there is sufficient support to determine that a psychiatric problem is present. The taxonomy used to make the medical diagnosis is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, commonly called the DSM-III-R of the American Psychiatric Association. The DSM-III-R uses a biopsychosocial perspective but is considered atheoretical, so that it can be readily accepted and used by all who diagnose the psychiatric client. The nurse assists the process by sharing important information about the client from the nursing history, mental status assessment, and daily observations. A working knowledge of the DSM-III-R is important in maximizing the team effort to help the client. Knowledge of the criteria will help the nurse for deciding on a particular medical diagnosis found in the DSM III-R may help the nurse in making a clinical condition about a nursing diagnosis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The DSM-III-R is a multiaxial system. The diagnostic criteria are inclusive for each diagnosis and allow room for individual differences within a pattern of behavior by including phrases such as â€Å"at least one of the following† or ‘for at least 6 months†. Five axes constitute the format for a complete psychiatric diagnosis. A five digit coding system is used for the first three axes. Axis I comprises the major mental disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar illness, and substance abuse disorders. A disorder of this nature is usually the main reason the client is seeking help. On the other hand, Axis II comprises the personality disorders and developmental disorders such as paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. This axis separates the patterns of lifestyle and coping that have developed from childhood from the more acute manifestation of behavior in the major mental disorders. Axis III indicates the related physical disorders and conditions that may be influencing the client’s response to the psychiatric problems such fro example, asthma, gastric ulcer, or diabetes. Axis IV indicates the severity of the psychosocial stressors over the past year such as anticipated retirement, natural disaster and change in residence with loss of contact with friends. The Axis V represents the global assessment functioning (GAF) both currently and over the preceding year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   So how does Axis I differ from Axis II? Now let’s try to compare and contrast their similarities as well as their differences. Under Class A Axis II are the personality disorders; paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. Personality is vital to defining who we are as individuals. It involves a unique blend of traits—including attitudes, thoughts, behaviors, and moods—as well as how we express these traits in our contacts with other people and the world around us. Some characteristics of an individual’s personality are inherited, and some are shaped by life events and experiences. A personality disorder can develop if certain personality traits become too rigid and inflexible. People with personality disorders have long-standing patterns of thinking and acting that differ from what society considers usual or normal. The inflexibility of their personality can cause great distress, and can interfere with many areas of life, including social and work functioning. People with personality disorders generally also have poor coping skills and difficulty forming healthy relationships. Unlike people with anxiety disorders, who know they have a problem but are unable to control it, people with personality disorders generally are not aware that they have a problem and do not believe they have anything to control. Because they do not believe they have a disorder, people with personality disorders often do not seek treatment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A paranoid personality disorder applies to a person who displays pervasive and long-standing suspiciousness. This suspicious pattern affects perceptual, cognitive, affective and behavioral functions in specific ways. In person’s with paranoid personalities, perception is extremely acute, intense and narrowly focused in search of clues or the real meaning behind other’s behavior or life events in general. In a cognitive side, the great perceptual distortion is present in paranoid personality. Cognitive disturbances may range from transient ideas of reference, in which a person believe others are giving them special attention or gossiping about them unlike Manic disorder the client is easy going and friendly. The paranoid person’s affective domain reflects a lack of basic trust, extreme suspiciousness, vigilant mistrust, guardedness and hostility. Typically, paranoid person assume a callous, unsympathetic approach to others in an effort to purge themselves of any tendencies to experience humor or affectionate and tender feelings.   For the most part, they remain coldly reserved and on the periphery of events, seldom mixing smoothly with people in social situation, remaining withdrawn, distant and secretive instead.   Rarely do they seem relaxed and unguarded. Unlike with Axis I manic bipolar disorder, Manic clients are self-satisfied, confident and aggressive and feel on top of the world and in control of their destinies, paranoid patient are reserved type while manic is transparent, the manic clients remarks are very similar to free associations, disorganized and incoherent. Manic client is full of ambitious schemes and exaggerations while a paranoid person often engages in verbal interchanges designed to test others honesty. The content of their verbalization usually reflects themes of blame, deceit, control, persecution and self-aggrandizement. Similarities of manic and paranoid personality disorder are that they appear hypervigilant, mobilized and prepared for attack.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socially detached, shy and introverted persons may be described as having schizoid personality disorder while Schizophrenia is psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, affect, behavior and communication lasting longer than 6 months. Schizoid refers to persons exhibiting perceptual, cognitive, affective and behavioral patterns that fall within the healthier end of the schizophrenic spectrum. This personality disorder differs from schizotypal personality disorder in that the latter’s symptomatology more closely resembles schizophrenia. In contrast to both schizotypals and schizophrenics, schizoid personalities do not demonstrate odd or eccentric perceptual, cognitive and behavioral patterns.   Persons with schizoid personalities exhibit a distorted pattern of perception, characterized by a reduced ability to attend, select, differentiate and discriminate adequately between and among interpersonal and social sensory inputs while the perception of Depressive disorder clients may be distorted too because of their intense affective states. They perceive the world as strange and unnatural. For instance, a client with deep guilt feelings may interpret the sound of wind in the trees as reproaching voices (illusion) the severely depressed client may less frequently experience hallucinations. Auditory hallucination may be present such as a client may hear voices blaming her or telling her that she is worthless. Illusion and hallucination do not occur in Schizoid personality disorder. They are able to recognize reality despite their faulty interpersonal or social perception. Schizotypal personality disorder is one of a group of conditions called eccentric personality disorders. People with these disorders often appear odd or peculiar. They might display unusual thinking patterns, behaviors, or appearances. People with schizotypal personality disorder might have odd beliefs or superstitions. These individuals are unable to form close relationships and tend to distort reality. In this respect, schizotypal personality disorder can seem like a mild form of schizophrenia—a serious brain disorder that distorts the way a person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, perceives reality, and relates to others. In rare cases, people with schizotypal personality disorder can eventually develop schizophrenia. Additional traits of people with this disorder include the following; dressing, speaking, or acting in an odd or peculiar way, being suspicious and paranoid, being uncomfortable or anxious in social situations because of their distrust of others, having few friends and being extremely uncomfortable with intimacy, tending to misinterpret reality or to have distorted perceptions (for example, mistaking noises for voices), having odd beliefs or magical thinking (for example, being overly superstitious or thinking of themselves as psychic), Being preoccupied with fantasy and daydreaming, tending to be stiff and awkward when relating to others, coming across as emotionally distant, aloof, or cold. Hallucination, and illusion may not be present in schizotypal personality disorder but it is always present in Schizophrenia. There is lack deterioration of functioning in schizopherenia while their no huge deterioration is schizotypal personality, they are also in touch with reality and they are aware of their eccentricities and their deterioration is occurring within a time frame while Schizophrenia is usually diagnosed in people  aged 17-35 years, delusions, false personal beliefs held with conviction in spite of reason or evidence to the contrary, not explained by  that persons cultural context  is present. Their is hallucinations,  perceptions (can be  sound, sight, touch, smell, or taste) that occur in the absence of an actual external stimulus  (Auditory hallucinations, those of voice or other sounds,  are the most common type of hallucinations  in schizophrenia, disorganized, thoughts and behaviors, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior are also manifested. Literature Cited: Million, Theodore Davis Roger. (1996). Disorders of Personality: DSM IV and Beyond. Published by Wiley. Kaplan, Harold, M.D Saddock, Benjamin, M.D. (1990). Modern Synopsis of Psychiatry. Maryland USA. The Williams and Wilkins Company Introduction to Personality Disorder. Capella University. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/center_index.php?id=8 Personality Disorder. MayoClinic.com. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/personality-disorders/DS00562/DSECTION=2 Schizophrenia. PSY web. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from http://psyweb.com/Mdisord/jsp/schid.jsp About Clinical Psychology. American Psychological Association. Retrieved March 13,2008 from http://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/aboutcp.html

Royal Mail To Change Its Business Plan And Strategies Business Essay

Royal Mail To Change Its Business Plan And Strategies Business Essay Royal Mail HRM Strategies an Overview (2005-2010) Abstract: The rapid growth in the Digital Communication applications such as internet, fax, email, online shopping, and the Postal Service Act (2000), liberalization of market, drives Royal Mail to change its business plan and strategies to survive in the current dynamic completive postal market and in a broader way its future business is uncertain. This essay aims to depict the Royal Mail Human Resource Management (HRM) policies and strategies, and mainly focused for the period of 2005-2010. It also covers how Royal Mail is dealing with competition from the new entrants, and how it handled the recent credit crunch and its impact on the Royal Mail business. Introduction: In recent times, this group has been confronting with various problems. The group reported loses for several quarters. So, the government had asked the postal regulatory body Postal Service Commission (Postcomm1) to liberalize the postal market. Initially, in 2003 license were allotted to private company to handle the bulk mail. In 2006, the markets were fully liberalized and the group loses its monopoly2 status. All the licensed operators were able to deliver mails to both the residential and business customers. Postal Service in the UK: 1 An Independent regulatory body set p up in the year 2000, to regulate the postal service in UK 2 A dominant player in the postal service market with full control over the market. 3 http://www.royalmail.com. In spite of the advancement in the communication methods like internet, email and other electronic messaging options, people are trusting on postal service for sending parcel and letters and particularly in elderly, disabled, and the low income groups, and the small business sectors. Every week the group serves 20 million customers3 through its network of around 12000 post office branches and deliver some 400 million parcels a year through general logistics systems and parcel force . The universal service and the uniform pricing are the two important attributes of the Royal Mail postal service. Based on these attributes only the Universal Service4 Obligation (USO) was formed. As per the USO, the cost of delivering the letter is same irrespective of the location. To regulate the postal service in the UK, the Postal Service Act was put in place with the Postcomm. The main task of the Postcomm includes, 4Delivery every working day to every premises regardless of price and location , some exceptional conditions permitted by UK and Europe Union law. 5 Handling with customers complaints in the postal services and monitoring the standards and quality of the services provided by the Royal Mail. . Grant license to other companies. . Provisioning the uniform pricing and universal service. . Controlling Royal Mail pricing strategy and its quality of services. . Advising the government on the development in the post services. To watch dog the Royal Mail quality services, an independent organization Post Watch 5 was formed to monitor and control the quality standards. Royal Mail Group History: Royal Mail was established by Henry VIII, in 1516 under a Master of Post . Royal Mail was available to public in1635, with postage being paid by the recipient. In 1660, Charles II officially established the General Post Office (GPO). Telegraph services was introduced in 1840 by Royal Mail, and in 1912 the group started the telephone service. Post code was introduced in 1959. In 1969, the GPO became a public corporation from its existing government department. The post office made acquisition and partnership with German parcel, Katipos and TNT post group to enter into international market. In 2000, the company reported losses and it continued for several quarters. In 2001, the post office was renamed Consignia. In 2002, Consignia was renamed as Royal Mail group plc. The Royal Mail Group lost its monopoly status when the 2006 liberalization was introduced. In 2007, government proposed to privatize the group but the election, change in the government and the recent financial turmoil is the key factors for the postponement of the proposal without any further date. Literature Review: Over the years, it is apparent that organizations are considering Human Resource Management policies as the key factor to succeed in the business. HR department is acting as a strategic business partner within the organization to make the effective strategic business and human resource policies to achieve the organization goals and objectives, rather than managing the employees and payroll, as was conventionally the case. Senior HR practitioners and experts are more in demand in the today s corporate world. Through the years, there is lot of organizational level studies and research across the business sectors manifested measurable relationship between the effective HR practices (recruitment and selection, performance appraisal, rewards and recognitions, training and development) and business performance. According to Mark Huselid (Huselid, 1995) seminal study related the adoption of HR practices across 968 US companies with their financial performance (controlling for performance in previous years) . HRM authors such as Becker and Huselid (Becker and Huselid, 2006) emphasize the need for HR strategy to be clearly linked to the business strategy and for the constituent HR Practices to operate in a joined-up way, this being seen as key in order for the strategy to be focused on what matters, avoid duplication and optimize outcomes . Therefore HR function has vital role in understanding the stakeholder s business goals, transforming those into commercial business perspective and identifying the challenges and opportunities from the employee s perspective and address them in their final approach. Combs, et al. (2006) aggregated 92 large scale studies conducted at the organizational level to produce a robust analysis across a large sample. This research revealed that on an average, having a progressive HR system (e.g. objective selection, training, appraisals, employee surveys, etc.) related to an average of 4% higher revenue per employee where five or six major HR practices were in place within an organization . Business Model: Royal Mail Group operates through its subsidiaries Royal Mail, Post Office Limited, General Logistics Systems (GLS) and Parcel force worldwide. Royal Mail is responsible for collecting and delivering the mail in the UK and handles around 71 millions of letters and packages to 28 million addresses in every working day, in line with its unique Universal Service Obligation (USO). Producing and Designing the stamps and, philatelic products are also taken care by Royal Mail. The Post Limited: It has national net work across the UK. Larger post offices in urban area were directly managed by the Post office limited and other branches are managed by franchise partners. General Logistic Systems: Royal Mail acquired the General Logistic Systems in 1999 to enter into the European parcel market. GLS was market leader in the integration parcel distribution and express customer service in the European market. Parcelforce Worldwide: Parcelforce Worldwide is responsible for collecting and delivering the parcel and express packages throughout the world and in the UK for both the individual and business customers. Royal Mail Competition and Challenges: Royal mail is facing tough competition in postal market after the full liberalization act, and in particularly express package business. Its main competitors6 in the package delivery market are world net, Deutsche Post, TNT, UPS, and other airline which provide express package services. Most of its key competitors such as UPS, Deutsche Post, and TNT have large scale of operations, which could put Royal Mail at a competitive disadvantage . 6 http://www.datamonitor.com Though the letter market is declining due to the digital communication advancements, Royal Mail s profitability and efficiency is vital for the future of the UK postal sector and it also plays a major role in the UK economy and providing and safeguarding millions of jobs in the recent financial down turn, where as all other public and private sector firms are reducing its work force in large numbers.. But Royal Mail faces a lot of challenges. The group has been reporting looses for several quarters, and its pension deficit is widening; Modernization process is being very slow and also the tough competition from the new entrants in the domestic and European markets are constantly increasing. The culture change is one of the biggest challenges Royal Mail has been facing from quite some time. It required consistent high quality delivery from everyone in the company, value for money. According to, Adam Crozier7, Royal Mail must have the freedom and flexibility to set the right prices, based on real costs. If that happens, I think the new competitive environment will succeed. Competitors are already targeting profitable business mail. We need to compete with them on price as well as service if we are to keep the universal service8 in business . Improving the Customer Service: One of the main objectives for the Royal Mail was to reach everyone, everywhere, more than any other business in the UK through its mail, post office, and parcel and package business services . There were many complaints from customers about loss of letters but after working with Post Watch, the quality and service standards were improved when compared to the previous years. Price is the predominate factor in the competition. New entrants are providing higher value services with the modern technologies. Royal Mail has to offer high standard services to the customers. IT Initiatives: 7 The CEO Of Royal mail (2003-2010(June) ) 8 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4274335. To modernize its services and operations, Royal Mail streamlined its IT departments in collaboration with BT and Xansa. Royal Mail web based customers are growing vastly, so to improve the communication with online users. Royal Mail has also implemented the SAP 9Software to main its sales order and other process. As part its IT initiatives the group introduced the recruitment and employment process through online. Financial Crisis Impact on Royal Mail: 9 SAP Systems, Application and Products in data processing. ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) software to automate the customer and payment details . 10 Royal Mail Holdings plc Annual Report and Financial Statements for the period 0f 2009-2010 Royal mail made good progress in (2008-2010), when compare on the previous year records. Due to the subprime mortgage crisis, all the major economies are suffering from the so- called credit crunch. Royal mail made profit, despite when the world economy in downturn and the mail market is declining in UK and in all part of the globe. Due to the weak global market conditions, the group revenue dipped to 9,349 million 10in first time in a decade, but all it is four business groups (mail, post office, GLS, parcel force worldwide) made in profits through their pricing strategy and good customer service. Royal Mail implemented modernization and efficiency measures to automate the mail processing and the agreement the made with Communication Workers Union (CWU) also made positive impact among its employees. Business unit performance External Revenue Operating profit/Loss* M M 2010 2009 2008 2010 2009 2008 Royal Mail Letters GLS Parcelforce Worldwide Post Office Limited Other businesses Group 6,564 6,707 6,830 121 58 (3) 1,487 1,495 1,232 112 124 114 399 399 379 17 12 8 838 908 911 72 41 (34) 61 51 36 82 86 77 9,349 9,560 9,179 404 321 162 Source: Royal mail financial repots Royal Mail HR Approach and Strategies: To modernize the organization and create world class HR function, McCarthy 11 was appointed as the director in 2003. According to him, there was lack in coherent HR strategy which was characterized by disparate spread of HR professional across the group . The group spent most of its cost on employment. Royal Mail reduced its HR employee strength from 3700 to 2400 and saved 57 million in two years span. There were only few HR specialists and experts in the entire organization. The HR functions were separated and payroll was the only centralization team. Profitability, Modernization, Efficiency and Employee Relationship are the key words for success of any public limited company. Developing the good HR frame work and strategy are vital for the public limited organization like Royal Mail to sustain in the today s globalized competitive postal market. Due to the advancement in the technologies, communication industry changed quickly. Internet, fax and other electronic options are dominating the traditional letters. Managing the huge work force and trade union royal are the challenging task for Royal Mail, in particular to the HR Managers. With strong HR strategic plans and polices, Royal Mail can handle their workforce effectively. Royal Mail HR Metrics: 11Royal Mail HR director(2005), http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/01/25 . People Strategies . Organizational Development . Shared Services The main goal of the HR team is to build strong HR strategies and polices to manage and retain the human resources. It includes Recruitment and Selection, Learning, Career development, Rewards and Recognition. Organizational Development and effectiveness are the main objectives to provide the zero tolerance work place and working closely with the business partners and HR directors. The training team conducts the leadership, personal and career development programs to improve the leadership qualities and other work related trainings. Royal Mail s people strategy key areas: . Creating meaningful, challenging jobs with flexible working structure; . Treating customers with value and respect; . Building the organization to improve and respond according to the changes in the market and environment; . Recruiting and developing the core potentialities to prosper in the open competitive market; . Recruiting and developing the leadership capabilities to deliver the goals and to retain the talent to contend successfully. Royal Mail HR Practices: Recruitment and Selection: Royal mail follows equal opportunity as an employer. Employment practices are based on regardless of age, sex, disability, race, color, religion, and sexual orientation. Royal Mail employs diverse mix of people who reflect the communities where we live and work. At Royal mail, selection and recruitment goes on for both the experienced professionals and fresh graduates. Different type of jobs are available; permanent, part-time, apprenticeship, and seasonal (Christmas) jobs. Training and Development: Royal Mail believes in training and development. So, the training team organizes various training programs for their employees which includes from starting induction training to the customized individual training suits12 through the on job training, mentoring, e- learning, and coaching. Major training programs provided by Royal Mail are 12 http://www.royalmail.com/portal/rm/content1?catId=24400706mediaId=24400710 . Information Technology . Health Safety . Communication Skills . Performance Management . Project Management . Leadership Skills The group also has self learning centers where employees can utilize different packages according to their needs, and Royal Mail is having partnership and link with different local institutes to improve the skills of their employees; with various external trainings. Compensation and Benefits: Royal Mail offers compensation package based on the employees skills and experience. To attract the skilled employees, Royal Mail offers good compensation package based on the type of the employment status like full time or part time, and Permanent or contract. Royal Mail offers the following benefits to all the employees based on their employment type.13 13 http://www.royalmail.com/portal/rm/content1?catId=24500655mediaId=16000174 14 http://www.ocp.co.uk/_Attachments/Re http://www.ocp.co.uk/_Attachments/Resources . Health and Welfare . Holiday Entitlement . Basic pay/allowance . Pension . Time Out . Benefits /discounts/ ongoing discounts . Support for Disabled Applicants Performance Management: Performance Management is an effective method to analyze the employees potential and capabilities, if it is properly implemented. Measuring the performance of the employee is an indicator of the success of the organization. Royal mail introduces new performance management practices14. The objectives of the programs were to: 1.introduce a set of common validated numerical indicators which had been standardized for similar units/businesses. 2. Apply the Pareto principle and exception reporting. 3. Create a focus on looking forward, forecasting improvements (rather than a backward-looking blame culture) . Work life Balance (Flexible working): Royal Mail is offering the flexible working option. This includes where employees are allowed to work from home for their personal commitments, leaving early for the child care and compensating the time as per the business needs. It generally gives moral support to the employees and the best way to recruit and retain the talent resources which in turn improve the productivity. Corporate Social Responsibility: Royal Mail strongly believes in serving to society. Royal Mail and its employees play important role in serving to the community. Royal Mail s ambition is to become the leading organization in corporate responsibility is a priority of our Chief Executive and every one of our Managing Directors . Employees also fund to the good cause via their payroll regularly. Royal Mail also takes part in controlling the climate change using renewable source electricity to make the environment green. It raised 1.8 million15 via charitable donations in 2009. As a leader in corporate social responsibility initiatives, the group won the following awards in the last two years. BITC Example of Excellence (Healthy Workplace Award) 2009 Shortlisted for Personnel Today Awards2009 Award for Health at Work Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents Awards 2009 Gold Award, Safety Institute of Fundraising Awards 2008 Winner, Best Use of Payroll Giving Award Winner Quality in Print Media Environmental Award, Quality in Print Awards 2008 . Findings and Suggestions: 15 ww.royalmailgroup.com/portal/rmg/content1 . Prioritizing the HR strategy according to the key business goals and objectives. . Identifying the challenges and opportunities to moving ahead. . Develop and define the HR strategy backed by strong analysis with good HR metrics. . Reviewing the defined strategies and approaches with stake holders and business partners. . Finalize the HR polices and strategies. . Building the right-sized productive work force to achieve the business goals. . Automate and standardize the mail process with modern technologies and equipments to compete in the business market with skilled and efficiency workforce where the market and environment is changing rapidly. . Analyzing the data with help of employee and customer satisfaction survey, opinion pool and feedback data. Understanding the external market environment and competitor strategies is important while framing the HR policy. HR metrics will vary with each organization depending upon their vision and mission statements. Metrics should be cover the organization goals, rather than following the best industry practice. Stakeholders and business partners should be engaged while framing the strategy, to make the strategy effective. Conclusion: Due to the advancement in digital technologies and internet, the postal industry and market is changing quickly. Mailing market is declining and online shopping and other commercial activities through internet are growing speedily. So, Royal Mail has to modernize and restructure their business strategies to survive in the liberalized competitive market place. As many studies, research, and survives demonstrated the strong relationship between the good HR strategic policy and the business performance. So, Royal Mail has to develop the strong HR policies and strategies to streamline the HR practice to achieve the organizational objectives and goals. Implementing the effective HR strategies in public organization like Royal Mail is very challenging task for HR mangers and, where trade union and pension problems are widening year by year. The strong determination from the HR mangers, top management, regulatory bodies, and the government can help the Royal Mail to implement the HR and business strategies to shape the UK postal industry and economy and in particularly in the current economic crisis condition where unemployment is already in peak.

Terrorists :: essays research papers

WASHINGTON (CNN) -- The federal government has asked the National Academy of Sciences not to publish a research paper that feds describe as a "road map for terrorists" on how to contaminate the nation's milk supply. The research paper on biological terrorism, by Stanford University professor Lawrence M. Wein and graduate student Yifan Liu, provides details on how terrorists might attack the milk supply and offers suggestions on how to safeguard it. The paper appeared briefly May 30 on a password-protected area of the National Academy of Science's Web site. Journalists use that area of the Web site to get advance copies of articles slated for publication in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. People who downloaded the Wein-Liu paper called the Food and Drug Administration for comment, and the FDA notified the Department of Health and Human Services, which asked the academy to stop the article's publication. The paper "is a road map for terrorists and publication is not in the interests of the United States," HHS Assistant Secretary Stewart Simonson wrote in a letter to the science academy chief Dr. Bruce Alberts. The paper gives "very detailed information on vulnerability nodes" in the milk supply chain and "includes ... very precise information on the dosage of botulinum toxin needed to contaminate the milk supply to kill or injure large numbers of people," Simonson wrote. "It seems clear on its face that publication of this manuscript could have very serious public health and national security consequences." Simonson wrote that acting FDA Commissioner Dr. Lester Crawford was joining him in the request to halt publication. Officials of HHS and the academy said they are to meet Tuesday to discuss the article. "The academy has been dealing with the issue of scientific openness versus national security since 9/11," said academy spokesman Bill Kearney. "The academy [members] are strong advocates of scientific openness while ensuring that nothing is done to aid terrorists." Kearney said the NAS routinely vets papers for security concerns before publishing them and had vetted the Wein-Liu paper. After HHS raised concerns, the NAS decided to "take a step back and make sure that we weren't putting out anything that we're uncomfortable with," he said. NAS is a private, nonprofit society of scientists and engineers chartered by Congress to advise the government on science and technology. HHS spokesman Marc Wolfson said Wein showed a draft of his paper last fall to HHS staffers, who expressed concern about the level of detail in the paper.

The Modem :: essays research papers

The Modem First of all I would like to start with an introduction I chose this topic because I thought it would be interesting to learn about how a modem works in a computer. With modem we are able to access the Internet BBS' or Bulletin Board Systems. The MODEM is one of the smartest computer hardware tools ever created. modem is an abbreviation of Modulator De Modulator it is fairly simple to explain; through the telephone lines we are able to send messages between one single computer or a group of computers. The Originating computer sends a coded message to the Host computer which decodes it and there we have the power to access the Internet, talk to other people through terminal programs and retrieve files from other computers. The first patented computer modem was made by Hayes in the early eighties and from there they rapidly developed the first modem speed was 300 baud and from there a 600 baud than 1200 and so on. The fastest modem made today is a 56k which is very fast. Not as fast as ISDN (The Wave offered through Rogers cable) or even as advanced as Satellite modem. Most people now have 14.4 or 28.8 baud modems (Baud is "Slang" for Baud Rate Per Second) the reason for the increase in 14.4 and 28.8's is that they are cheap and fairly recent and haven't gone out of date yet. There are two types of modem external and external modems internal plugs into a 16 bit port inside your computer and external connects through either a serial (mouse)port or a parallel (printer)port most people like the external modems because they don't take up an extra space in your computer (according to PC Computing) prices in modems range price from $100 (28.8bps) to $500(software upgradable 56k). Facsimile machines also have a form of modem in them, usually a 2400baud modem to decode the message. So imagine a world without the modem for a second; NO fax NO Internet NO direct computer communications whatsoever. The three major modem manufactures are Hayes (original modem) US Robotics and Microsoft. In conclusion life today it would be very hard to live without modems some businesses would cease to exist due to ill communications between offices and without modems we wouldn't have videoconfrencing e-mail and other tools we have

The Role of Fate in Oedipus the King – Essay Sample

Oedipus the King was written by Sophocles and was is titled Oedipus Rex in Latin. It is one of the most well-known Greek tragedies. As is the case with Greek tragedies—or roughly most tragedies that make their way to stage—fate plays a key role in the events in Oedipus the King. The play is also the origin of the term â€Å"Oedipus complex. † Fate as Antagonist The primary antagonist in this tale is fate. Most tragedies where fate is the driving theme the characters in its web all attempt to escape it.Unfortunately fate can’t be avoided and if it is tempted fate will usually render a far worse conclusion for attempting to deprive it of its will. Laius’ Fate Apollo tells Laius that he and Jocasta would have a son that would kill him. When Oedipus is born, Jocasta sends Oedipus to his own fate and leaves him on a mountainside to die. Jocasta attempts to cheat fate by doing away with her son to save her husband, but Oedipus is found by a shepherd who s aw the whole thing and raised by King Polybus.Laius’ fate comes when he kidnaps the son of King Pelops and basically showed little respect for Pelops’ hospitality by doing so. The Fate of Thebes Oedipus sends Creon to the temple of Apollo to figure out what will become of Thebes and how to do away with the plague. Fate is tempted here by the Oedipus attempting to end the plague when it is not his place to do so. Apollo tells Oedipus that he will end up killing his father and taking his mother. Oedipus believes he will end up killing King Polybus. Oedipus’ Fate Teiresias—Apollo’s blind prophet—tells Creon of Oedipus’ fate.Oedipus is busy trying to find the murderer of Laius. Teiresias cryptically tells Oedipus the nature of his marriage, but Oedipus doesn’t interpret the meaning in Teiresias’ words. He tells Oedipus that the shame of his relationship will bring about ruin and that the insults Oedipus gives to him will be returned as a result of his deed. Oedipus sets himself up for downfall further when he forsakes Teiresias’ word and says he has no special ability.As prophets are basically the mouth of the gods and do their direct  will, Oedipus is in a way committing blasphemy. The provocation leads Teiresias to—again cryptically—tell Oedipus that he is actually on level footing with his children and that the truth with crush him. When Oedipus relays the events to his wife, she tells him to ignore the prophecy and that Apollo’s prophecy didn’t hold up as she believed that her husband was killed by a bandit. Strands of Fate Tied Up Oedipus finds out that Polybus doesn’t die at his hands, but of natural causes so it seems the prophecy didn’t come true.However, Laius is killed by Oedipus when the two argued over who had the right of way on a road. Neither man recognized the other. Oedipus marries Jocasta, widow of Laius making his both wife and son t o her and father and brother to his children. Oedipus finds out about the true nature from a shepherd, finds his wife Jocasta who had hung herself, took her jewelry and smashed them into his eyes. Oedipus ends up blind and destitute and his children cursed by being the product of incest.

Race and Identity in Richard Wright’s Black Boy

Stephen Donato Professor Schmitz HSF 20 September 2012 Race and Identity in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Each and every person on this Earth today has an identity. Over the years, each individual creates their identity through past experiences, family, race, and many other factors. Race, which continues to cause problems in today’s world, places individuals into certain categories. Based on their race, people are designated to be part of a larger, or group identity instead of being viewed as a person with a unique identity. Throughout Richard Wright’s Black Boy, Richard is on a search for his true identity.Throughout Black Boy, one can see that Richard’s racial background assigns him with a certain identity or a certain way in which some people believe he should live his life. Growing up in the Jim Crow South, many young blacks, have their identities essentially already created for them based solely on the backgrounds and race. During this time period, white s expect blacks to behave a certain way, have certain traits, and treat them with absolute respect. Whites during Richard’s time still feel they are much superior to the blacks they interact with, and have many expectations that would be considered racist today.However, in his work, Richard Wright shows how one can break from this predetermined mold. In many instances during the work, Richard breaks from this identity to which he is assigned in order to create his unique identity and grow into the person he wants to become. Richard refuses to sit back and to be absorbed into the Jim Crow lifestyle of southern blacks. In Richard Wright’s Black Boy, Richard’s past experiences with both white and black individuals, family, and race issues shape his true identity and develop him into the man of his dreams living the life which he chooses instead of the one assigned to him.Richard Wright, a young black boy growing up in his family home in Mississippi, searches for hi s identity through many different experiences. A constant in his life which continues to shape his identity time and time again is his family. Throughout the work, Richard searches for a loving and caring family. Although his family may not fit the description at all times, they help him to form his independence, a big part of his true identity. As a young black male growing up in a house with his extended family, Richard did not have many freedoms. Throughout Black Boy, Richard’s family constantly shelters him from the outside world.The story begins in his grandmother’s home in Mississippi where his family constantly reprimands him. For example, in the beginning of this work, Richard Wright’s grandmother has fallen sick in the house. Therefore, Richard is expected to be quiet and not play with his brother. Richard, a young boy, just wants to have some fun, and proceeds to play with matches. He becomes more and more curious, and sets the curtains on fire, almost burning down the house. Because he was so sheltered, he became this curious little boy, causing trouble in his family home.Consequently, Richard is beaten for his actions, which becomes a common theme through the work. Richard explains: I was lashed so hard and long that I lost consciousness. I was beaten out of my senses and later I found myself in bed, screaming, determined to run away, tussling with my mother and father who were trying to keep me still (Wright 7) Time and time again, family members or outsiders attempt to beat Richard. He learns his first real lesson shaping his identity while trying to buy groceries for the house. After his father leaves, Richard’s mother tells Richard he is now in charge of buying groceries.Richard feels like the man of the house, and acts very confidently, until he needs to go buy the food. The first two times he attempts to buy food, a crowd of boys beats him and steals his money. However, his mother sends him out a third time equippe d with a stick. Richard easily defeats the boys and claims that night he â€Å"won the right to the streets of Memphis† (Wright 21). In this situation, it seems that Richard’s mom is not being fair by sending him out to get beat up time and time again. However, she is only doing this in order to help Richard survive in the future.By winning the right to the streets of Memphis, Richard is growing more independent. He no longer relies on his father to bring home food because he is not coming back, and he is able to stand up for himself when the time comes. Richard becomes more independent throughout different experiences in Black Boy. Richard’s grandmother, a devoutly religious person, has an underlying grievance with Richard because he is not religious. Richard’s grandmother begins to shelter him by not buying him books which he needs for school. Richard explains, â€Å"I needed textbooks and had to wait for months to obtain them.Granny said that she woul d not buy worldly books for me† (Wright 143). In addition, Richard claims that his Granny always burned the books he had brought into the house, â€Å"branding them as worldly† (Wright 151). Richard needed money to buy his books, some new clothes, and lunch during the week at school. However, his grandmother continues to shelter him by not allowing him to work. When Richard asked to work on the weekends, Richard explains that â€Å"she laid down the injunction that I could not work on Saturdays while I slept under her roof† (Wright 147).These two instances with his grandmother show Richard’s ambition. Richard wants to make something of himself, and does not want to sit back and live the usual life of a black individual. He wants to begin working in order to make money to buy his books so that he can study and live out his dream of becoming a writer. He begins to read articles in magazines from newspapers he sells, and learns of the vast world. He loves it, and he â€Å"hungered for a different life, for something new† (Wright 151). Richard wants to get out and experience the world, and break the mold of the assumed black identity.To begin this task, Richard begins writing his own stories. After Richard completes his first story, he brings it to his neighbor to read. Her reaction to his story was the common reaction: â€Å"What’s that for? † (Wright 141). Later, Richard shows his grandmother his second piece, The Voodoo of Hell’s Half-Acre. She has the same reaction as the neighbor, and begins to question him on what the story is about and why he is writing a story for the newspaper. According to her, he will not be able to get a job because people are going to think that he is weak minded (Wright 198).Richard exceeds expectations and completes tasks that black people aren’t supposed to do. Richard changes his identity from a subservient black boy into a sort of rebellious young man by beginning his writing career. Throughout the work, Richard introduces a countless number of jobs from working in homes of whites, to attempting to learn the trade of optometry. For one of his many jobs, Richard is working for a white family. While interviewing for this job, the mother of the family asks if he will steal from them, a common trait associated with black people.While working for this family, Richard is having a conversation with the mother. She asks him, â€Å"What grade are you in school? † (Wright 173). Richard responds, â€Å"Seventh, ma’am† (Wright 173). She then asks him, â€Å"Then why are you going to school? † (Wright 173). This conversation shows that whites think it is unnecessary for blacks to go to school past the sixth grade because they should be working. Whites think that they will never amount to anything, and therefore should not be wasting their time in school. However, Richard wants to break this predetermined mold of who he is supposed to be.He replies to his employer, â€Å"Well, I want to be a writer† (Wright 173). While working for this white family, Richard’s predetermined identity and his plans to break from this mold are both shown. Eventually, Richard hopes to be able to write for a living, and continues to attend school to study to become the best he can be. Both his employer and his family tell him that he has no chance of becoming a writer, but he continues to prove everyone wrong by not worrying about his race. He dismisses the fact that there are no famous black writers, and continues to achieve his goals and continues to form his true identity.Richard continues to press on and works hard each and every day in order to break the mold of his assigned identity due to his race. Richard eventually becomes the valedictorian of his ninth grade class, and has a huge disagreement with his principal. The principal summons Richard to his office and says to him, â€Å"Well, Richard Wright, here is your speech† (Wright 206). After Richard claims that he has already written his own speech, the principal tells him â€Å"Listen, boy, you’re going to speak to both white and colored people that night. What can you alone think of saying to them?You have no experience. . . † (Wright 206). Richard continues to fight this assumption made by his principal that he cannot deliver a speech which will be acceptable for white people to listen to. Even when his Uncle Tom claims, â€Å"the principal's speech is the better speech† (Wright 209) Richard agrees. However, Richard wants to give the speech he wrote because it says what he wants to say (Wright 209-10). Richard did not care if the principal’s speech was better than his; he wanted to deliver his speech the way he wanted to deliver it. Here, Richard continues to develop his true dentity as a fighter who will not stand for this assigned identity. He wants to make a difference in the world, and he is fed u p with everyone just taking the abuse they receive. He begins to build up a dream in himself which the educational system in the Jim Crow South had been rigged and designed to stifle (Wright 199). He was only fifteen years old, and already began realizing how the Jim Crow South worked. However, he did not like the system, and constantly fought against it. Growing up in Marlboro, New Jersey, race was not much of an issue for me.Throughout my K-8 public education, over ninety-five percent of the students in my school were white, just like me. I had no problem fitting in, and was able to have many of the privileges spoken about in Peggy McIntosh's â€Å"White Privilege. † I got along with almost all of my classmates growing up, and was even friends with the few black kids in my school. Ben, a black classmate of mine became a close friend when we played on the basketball team together. As I moved on from Middle School to a private, catholic high school, there were even less minor ities. In my senior graduating class I had three black classmates.These few individuals were sometimes segregated from the group, and might have felt uncomfortable during some circumstances. However, I did not realize at the time how sheltered I was from the world. I did not have many friends of different cultures and was not truly aware of the world outside of my high school and my hometown. I never truly viewed the other perspective; I took for granted my opportunity to go to school and get a good, public school education through middle school. I then again took for granted my ability to go to private high school to receive an even more personalized education in a smaller school.I did not think about the poor ethnic groups living in the slums of places such as Haiti, or even in places such as Newark, NJ. I had this sort of mindset going through school that if it didn’t involve me, it wasn’t my problem to fix. Students in these poor, urban areas such as Newark and Cam den in NJ tend to have a different lifestyle than students from Marlboro. In these poor communities, school is almost looked at as it is in black boy. Most kids from these areas will begin working when they graduate high school, and do not go onto college. Again, I took for granted my opportunity to go to a small, unique, private college.Most kids in these areas I described don’t even dream of going college because they believe it is just not a possibility for them. In my short time at Babson, I have met people from countries that I have never heard of before. I have acquainted myself with many different people of many different races, and I am beginning to learn a few facts about many different cultures. In this short period of time, my cultural horizon has broadened greatly. I cannot wait to see how much I will learn about so many different cultures and ethnic groups in my four years at Babson.In conclusion, Richard Wright searches for his identity throughout his life in th e Jim Crow South. Richard does not want to just be another drop in the bucket in this Jim Crow lifestyle, and does not want to fit the mold of a typical black male. He has dreams, aspirations, and goals which no other black youth has been able to accomplish. He continues to fight against the assumed black identity until he forms his own self-identity. Richard’s race definitely lead to assumptions being made by different individuals, but he was able to break free of these assumptions and create a life in which he was in control.Richard Wright broke free of the Jim Crow South and lived the life which he wanted to live while developing his own identity. Just as Wright did, every one of us struggles to define who we are, when in reality we are only who we are supposed to be. I pledge my honor that I have neither received nor provided unauthorized assistance during the completion of this work. Works Cited Wright, Richard. Black Boy (american Hunger): A Record of Childhood and Yout h. New York, NY: HarperPerennial, 1993. Print.

How far do you agree that the ‘Domino Theory’ explains US intervention in South East Asia in the 1950’s? Essay

The Domino theory is a significant motive in explaining US intervention in Vietnam, as not only the government accepted it, but the wider American Public did as well. However, there are other factors that influenced the US at the time, such as the Power vacuum in Vietnam after Dien Bien Phu, the Geneva accords and the loss of China to communism. The Domino theory is the theory that if one country ‘falls’ to communism then that communism would spread until all the countries have ‘fallen’ to it. The US intervened because of this as there was a great fear of communism around at the time. McCarthyism had just become a major issue, with many government officials being accused of being communist and as Truman had lost China, Eisenhower knew that if he ‘lost’ Vietnam, then his popularity would suffer greatly as the US public would think he was soft on communism. As a result, he would not be re-elected. The domino theory was significant because if Indochina fell to communism then there was a risk of the US losing Japan, after the effort the US put into restoring Japan after WW2 and all the trade that came from Japan, the US couldn’t afford for Japan to be threatened. Another significant reason why the US intervened in South East Asia was the power vacuum after Dien Bien Phu. The French were defeated and withdrew from Vietnam, and the US were worried that China, or even perhaps the Soviets would begin to take control. Then Ho Chi Minh emerged as a potential leader; Ho had spent time in Moscow and the US viewed him as a communist rather than a nationalist, which meant they feared him being in power and therefore, they had to get involved in South East Asia. Alternatively, the US may have intervened in South East Asia because of the lack of faith in the Geneva accords. The Geneva accords ended the war between France and the Viet Minh but partitioned Vietnam along the 17 parallel. Eisenhower was concerned that the power of North Vietnam might cause the accords to fail. If free elections were held then Vietnam would become a united communist country. Thus, Eisenhower adopted a policy of supporting Diem economically and militarily, to help contain communism. In addition, Eisenhower felt Ho had triumphed at Geneva and felt he had to ‘restore’ US prestige, this led to SEATO being created and as a consequence, further involved the US in South East Asia. In conclusion, the Domino theory was a very significant reason as to why the US intervened in South East Asia in the 1950s. although, other factors were of equal importance as everything just added together until the US had no choice to act or else they would have lost the ‘respect’ of the other countries. I think that the main factor was communism, around that time, everyone feared it and as a result, Eisenhower had to act.

Roe V Wade and Doe V Bolton

Justin Frazer Dr. Bryce Jones BSAD 234 4/10/13 Abortion is a hot debate topic. So naturally, it has generated many disputes and court cases. Two of the most famous and definitive court cases regarding abortion are Roe v Wade and Doe v Bolton. Both of these cases were ruled on at the same time. Both cases resulted in landmark decisions that would change how many states were allowed to regulate abortion. These rulings also help put into view the line between law and morals. Roe v Wade Jane Roe† was actually a pseudonym for the plaintiff, Norma McCorvey. She used this for protection and also to emphasize that she was fighting for all pregnant women. The defendant was Henry Wade, district attorney for Dallas County, Texas. McCorvey’s claim was that the Texas abortion law, passed in 1859, violated her constitutional rights. Backstory: Norma McCorvey, age 21, became pregnant in 1969. She did not want to continue with her pregnancy, as her marriage had failed and her first daug hter was in the care of her mother and stepfather.As previously stated, Texas passed a law in 1869 preventing all abortion, excluding cases in which the woman’s life was in danger. She met Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee, two attorneys who were interested in changing the abortion law. There were two issues standing in the way: McCorvey might not have standing because the abortion law only applied to women who performed abortions, not to those who needed them. The second issue was if she passed the point in her pregnancy where it was safe to perform an abortion, the case would become irrelevant.Their argument: in a previous case, Griswold v Connecticut, Justice William O. Douglas interpreted the Ninth Amendment to mean that any rights not explicitly granted to the government were retained by the people; previously it had been taken to mean that those rights were retained by the states. At the time of this case, this meant that all previously banned contraceptives between cou ples were now legal. Weddington and Coffee could argue that this â€Å"right to privacy,† as Douglas defined, should also be applied to abortion.The first reply from Assistant D. A. John Tolle, defending D. A. Wade, claimed exactly what they had expected: â€Å"Jane Roe† had no standing since the law only affected women who performed abortions. An anonymous affidavit from McCorvey submitted to a three-judge panel on May 22, 1970, stated that she wanted to terminate her pregnancy due to â€Å"the economic hardship which pregnancy entailed and because of the social stigma attached to the bearing of illegitimate children. At the hearing, Weddington argued on Roe’s standing to sue, as well as the constitutionality of the abortion statute (on the grounds of the First, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments). After the defense argued for the unborn fetus as a child, a life, Weddington brought up the issue of the impossibility to define when â€Å"life† begins (which is still one of the main arguments between pro-life and pro-choice advocates). Finally, Tolle argued that right of a child was more important than the woman’s previously stated â€Å"right to privacy. However, the three judges found that the Texas abortion laws were unconstitutional by depriving rights dictated by the Ninth Amendment. Since this only declared the law unconstitutional and did not prevent the enforcing of the law, the plaintiffs then appealed to the Supreme Court. In October 1972, the plaintiffs and the defendants made their cases as they had before. Several things played into the Court’s following decision: the ruling of Eisenstadt v Baird, which made it legal for unmarried persons to use birth control.This solidified Weddington’s argument for the right to privacy in the Ninth Amendment; that individuals have the right to be free from government intervention in matters such as whether or not to have a child. Second, Justice Harry Blackmun, afte r reviewing the abortion statutes, ruled that they were no longer valid because they were put in place due to the dangers of abortion; this was no longer an issue, as abortion was just as safe as childbirth in the present time. Concerning the rights of the unborn as a child, Blackmun found that nowhere in theConstitution or Bill of Rights (specifically, the Fourteenth Amendment) a â€Å"person† includes the unborn. The final ruling: the abortion decision must be left to the judgment of the woman’s doctor in the first trimester. In the second trimester, the state may â€Å"regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably valid to maternal health. † After that, the state can regulate or stop the abortion. Summary Norma McCorvey wanted an abortion, but could not obtain would since it was illegal in her state, Texas.Most states at the time had abortion statutes in place proscribing abortion. She, under the alias â€Å"Jane Roe,† and the two attorne ys representing her, Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee, filed a suit against the county of Dallas on the grounds that the abortion laws violated a woman’s right to choose under the â€Å"right to privacy,† interpreted in the Ninth Amendment in the previous case Connecticut v Griswold. The district court ruled in favor of â€Å"Roe,† basing judgment upon the Ninth Amendment.This ruling did not prevent the enforcement of the abortion laws; rather, it merely stated that they were unconstitutional. McCorvey and her attorneys, now not only representing â€Å"Jane Roe† as a person, but as all women, appealed directly to the Supreme Court. On the opposing side, there was the fact that the state believed they had the responsibility to protect the life of the unborn child. The argument against that was this: â€Å"when does life really start? † It could be said that life doesn’t begin until after the child is born; not when it is still a fetus.This r eally sparked this debate that still goes on today. Justice Harry Blackmun found that, after reviewing the Constitution and Bill of Rights, the Founding Fathers never explicitly put the unborn with the â€Å"persons† protected under our nation’s documents. However, he said that this was not absolute. He said that, though he agreed that the Ninth Amendment encompassed a woman’s right to choose whether or not to terminate her pregnancy, the right to choose was also not absolute.So, they came to a compromise: during the first trimester of a pregnancy, abortion was legal, but at the judgment of the woman’s doctor (which has changed since then). During the second trimester, the state could regulate abortions in a way that is related to maternal health. During the third trimester, the state could proscribe abortions. The general rule was that if the fetus is able to live outside the womb (with artificial aid), which was typically at about 28 weeks, then the wom an no longer has a right to an abortion. This entire case and the decisions that were made is a landmark in our history.It has sparked much debate and divided many people into â€Å"pro-life† and â€Å"pro-choice† groups. Doe v Bolton A companion case to Roe v Wade, Doe v Bolton was an abortion case that happened in Georgia around the same time (decision on the same day) that its Texas counterpart did. Much like other states with abortion laws, Georgia only allowed abortion if: the pregnancy was a danger to the woman’s life by judgment of a licensed physician, the fetus was in danger of being born with a serious defect, or if the abortion was a product of rape ( § 26-1202(a)).The woman wanting an abortion also had to qualify for the following conditions, defined under  § 26-1202(b) of Georgia Criminal Code: â€Å"the abortion [is to] be performed in a hospital accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, the procedure be approved by the hospital staff abortion committee, and the performing physician's judgment be confirmed by independent examinations of the patient by two other licensed physicians. † Sandra Cano, a mother of three, did not meet any of these conditions. Under the pseudonym â€Å"Mary Doe,† she and her attorney, Margie Pitts Hames, sued Arthur K.Bolton, the Attorney General for Georgia. Their claim was that the abortion statute of Georgia was unconstitutional. Like â€Å"Roe,† the three-judge panel of the district court found that Doe did, in fact, have standing in this issue. They ruled that the first three conditions ( § 26-1202(a)) listed above were unconstitutional, but they upheld the medical approval and residency requirements. In addition, like Roe v Wade, they merely provided that the section of the law was unconstitutional; they did not give any injunction against enforcing the law.This is called declaratory relief. The plaintiffs then appealed directly to the Supreme Court, like Roe and her attorneys. The arguments and counter-arguments were all the same as in Roe v Wade. The Court found that the three conditions in section 26-1202(b) were unconstitutional. They found that the JCAH accreditation requirement did not pertain to the woman’s right, and did not reasonably relate to the abortion statute. The two conditions requiring the abortion to be approved by a committee and by two other physicians were found to not serve the woman’s health in any way.The committee condition violated the woman’s â€Å"right to receive medical care† from her physician, and the two-doctor condition violated the physician’s â€Å"right to practice. † These conditions were struck down. Justice Blackmun, mentioned in the previous case, said that Roe v Wade and Doe v Bolton must be read together. The former allowed the states to proscribe abortion in the third trimester. However, Doe v Bolton added that the abortion could still be allowed if it was a matter of the woman’s health, in the opinion of the woman’s doctor.This is essentially a loophole around the â€Å"viability† requirement of the ruling of Roe v Wade. Doe v Bolton and Roe v Wade together struck down state abortion laws and struck up heated debates. These were the first real challenges regarding abortion in the United States. Both declared abortion a constitutional right. Summary Sandra Cano (â€Å"Mary Doe†) and attorney Margie Pitts Hames sued the state of Georgia for its unconstitutional abortion statute. The district court found they had standing, but like Roe v Wade, they gave them only declaratory, not injunctive, relief.The plaintiffs appealed to the Supreme Court for broader relief. Georgia’s Criminal Code, section 26-1202(b), stated that in addition to the requirements to receive an abortion that a woman must be in danger from the pregnancy, the child must be in danger of severe defect from birth, or the pregnancy being a result of rape, any woman wanting an abortion had to receive one in a hospital accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, she had to receive permission of two physicians other than her own, and the decision must also be approved by a hospital committee.The Court struck all of these requirements as unconstitutional. Additionally, the Court ruled that a woman may obtain an abortion after â€Å"viability† (as defined in Roe v Wade) if it was necessary to preserve her health. Along with its companion case, Roe v Wade, the decision was made on January 22, 1973, that abortion was a constitutional right.

Bacon Roger

Bacon Roger Roger Bacon is an academic philosopher and scientist in the UK, one of the most influential teachers of the 13th century. He was born in 1214 at Irchester in Somerset State. Roger Bacon was educated at the University of Oxford and the University of Paris. After studying, he stayed in Paris and taught at the university in Paris for a while. When he returned to England around 1251, he entered the Franciscan religious order and lived in Oxford. He did active research and experimental work in the field of alchemy, optics, astronomy. Philosopher and theologian B Bacon, Roger (1214 - 1294) Roger Bacon was born in 1214 as a wealthy parent of Il Chester, Somerset State, England. He received education at Oxford University and then traveled to Paris. Bacon is familiar with arithmetic, astronomy, classics, geometry and music. After receiving the master of his art, he lectured at Aristotle. From 1247 to 1257 he studied alchemy and mathematics in detail. He does not believe the idea m ade by his generation of the same generation, and he does not like to do scientific experiments. He strongly opposed his beliefs. Some people think that they built the foundation of modern science in the 3 rd century. Bacon gave hints on making gunpowder. His experiment on the nature of light is remarkable. He observed the solar eclipse through a design that projects the image through a pinhole. During the school days, Bacon was strongly influenced by the Franciscan society and received a Franciscan Decree in 1255. The medieval British philosopher Roger Bacon insisted on the importance of so - called empirical science. In this respect, he is often considered a pioneer of modern science. Little is known about the details of Roger Bacon's lifetime and the chronology and inspiration of his major work. Bacon seems to have been born in Il Chester, Somerset State, England. He is not a big family, but he was born to a nobleman. When he was young, he studied works of ancient Greeks, mathema tics, geometry, astronomy and music. At the age of thirteen he entered Oxford University where he spent eight years. He eventually won a high degree in art.